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2. R. Parloff, "This CEO Is Out for Blood," Fortune, June 12, 2014, http://fortune.com/2014/06/12/theranos-blood-holmes/.

3. D. Goldhill, "'Catastrophic Care': An Exchange," New York Review of Books, October 24, 2013, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2013/oct/24/catastrophic-care-exchange/.

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32. N. N. Watkins et al., "Microfluidic CD4+ and CD8+ T Lymphocyte Counters for Point-of-Care HIV Diagnostics Using Whole Blood," Science Translational Medicine 5, no. 214 (2013): 1–12.

33. "Detecting Disease with a Smartphone Accessory," Science Daily, June 4, 2013, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130604113959.htm.

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35. I. I. Bogoch et al., "Mobile Phone Microscopy for the Diagnosis of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections: A Proof-of-Concept Study," American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, March 11, 2013, http://www.ajtmh.org/content/early/2013/03/07/ajtmh.12-0742.abstract.

36. D. N. Breslauer et al., "Mobile Phone Based Clinical Microscopy for Global Health Applications," PLoS One 4, no. 7 (2009): e6320.

37. M. Colombo, "Mobile Devices Not Just for Facebook, They Are Poised to Revolutionize Health– care," Healthcare Blog, October 4, 2013, http://info.calgaryscientific.com/blog/bid/339938/Mobile-devices-n%C9Mc3VWFlKrPfKbt-qzZXfCtJMa3-C1RYVYbc5LegsLEZ6LJDH2A&_hsmi=10496393.

38. G. Corley, "Paper-Based Microfluidic Technology May Let You Print Your Own Health Tests," MedGadget, February 20, 2012, http://medgadget.com/2012/02/paper-based-microfluidic-technology-may-let-you-print-your-own-health-tests.html.

39. A. F. Coskun et al., "Albumin Testing in Urine Using a Smart-Phone," Lab on a Chip 13, no. 21 (2013): 4231–4238.

40. T. M. Andrews, "Breathalyzers of the Future Today," Atlantic, June 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/health/print/2013/06/breathalyzers-of-the-future-today/277249/.

41. R. Ferris, "These Amazing Dogs Can Smell Cancer," Business Insider, August 15, 2013, http://www.businessinsider.com/working-dog-center-dogs-can-smell-cancer-2013-8.

42. V. Greenwood, "What Does Cancer Smell Like?" New York Times, November 14, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/24/magazine/what-does-cancer-smell-like.html.

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44. D. G. McNeil, "Dogs Excel on Smell Test to Find Cancer," New York Times, January 17, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/17/health/17dog.html.

45. W. Kremer, "Sniffng Out Cancer with Electronic Noses," BBC News Magazine, March 8, 2014, http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26472225.

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47. B. Palmer, "Roll Over! Shake! Smell This Mole!" Slate, May 27, 2014, http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/ medical_examiner/2014/05/cancer_sniffng_dogs_ can_dogs_detect_and_screen_for_disease.html.

48. "Electronic Nose Sniffs Out Prostate Cancer Using Urine Samples," eHealth News, May 13, 2014, http://www.ehea lthnews.eu/research/3929 -electronic-nose-sniffs-out-prostate-cancer-using-urine-samples.

49. A. Zimm, "Canines' Cancer-Sniffng Snouts Showing 90 %-Plus Accuracy," Bloomberg, May 18, 2014, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-05-18/canines-cancer-sniffng-snouts-offer-new-testing-option.html.

50. A. Roine et al., "Detection of Prostate Cancer by an Electronic Nose: A Proof of Principle Study," Journal of Urology 192, no. 1 (2014): 230–235.

51. V. Combs, "Physicist Building Nanotech Sensor to Track Your Health Through Your Breath," MedCity News, September 10, 2013, http://medcitynews.com/2013/09/physicist-building-nanotech-sensor-to-track-your-health-through-your-breath/print/.

52. K. Bourzac, "Cancer Breath Test Enters Clinical Trials," MIT Technology Review, February 14, 2012, http://www.technologyreview.com/news/426894/cancer-breath-test-enters-clinical-trials/.

53. W. Jia et al., "Electrochemical Tattoo Biosensors for Real-Time Noninvasive Lactate Monitoring in Human Perspiration," Analytical Chemistry 85 (2013): 6553–6560.

54. K. Belson, "New Tests for Brain Trauma Create Hope, and Skepticism," New York Times, December 26, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/26/sports/football/new-tests-for-brain-trauma-create-hope-and-skepticism.html.

55. G. Poste, "Bring on the Biomarkers," Nature 469 (2011): 156–157.

56. T. T. Ruckh and H. A. Clark, "Implantable Nanosensors: Toward Continuous Physiologic Monitoring," Analytical Chemistry 86, no. 3 (2013): 1314–1323.

57. S. Johnson, "Someday Electronic Devices Could Be On or Inside People," Seattle Times, December 24, 2013, http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/ 2022524089_implanttechxml.html.

58. B. S. Ferguson et al., "Real-Time, Aptamer-Based Tracking of Circulating Therapeutic Agents in Living Animals," Science Translational Medicine 5, no. 213 (2013): 213ra165.

59. Y. Ling et al., "Implantable Magnetic Relaxation Sensors Measure Cumulative Exposure to Cardiac Biomarkers," Nature Biotechnology 29 (2011): 273–272.

60. T.-I. Kim et al., "Injectable, Cellular-Scale Optoelectronics with Applications for Wireless Optogenetics," Science 340 (2013): 211–216.

61. "Nanotube-Based Sensors Can Be Implanted Under the Skin for a Year," Nanowerk, November 3, 2013, http://www.nanowerk.com/news2/newsid=33040.php.

62. A. Myers, "Swimming Through the Blood Stream: Stanford Engineers Create Wireless, Self-Propelled Medical Device," Stanford University News, February 22, 2012, http://news.stanford.edu/news/2012/february/micro-device-implant-022212.html.

63. R. Smith-Bindman et al., "Use of Diagnostic Imaging Studies and Associated Radiation Exposure for Patients Enrolled in Large Integrated Health Care Systems, 1996–2010," Journal of the American Medical Association 302, no. 22 (2012): 2400–2409.

64. B. Owens, "Enhanced Medical Vision," Nature 502 (2013): S82–S83.

65. D. L. Miglioretti et al., "The Use of Computed Tomography in Pediatrics and the Associated Radiation Exposure and Estimated Cancer Risk," JAMA Pediatrics 167, no. 8 (2013): 700–707.

66. R. F. Redberg and R. Smith-Bindman, "We Are Giving Ourselves Cancer," New York Times, January 31, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/31/opinion/we-are-giving-ourselves-cancer.html.

67. C. Libov, "Radiation from Needless Medical Tests Can Give You Cancer," Newsmax Health, April 24, 2012, http://www.newsmax-health.net/headline_health/ radiation_medical_tests_/2012/04/24/446984.html.

68. C. K. Cassel and J. A. Guest, "Choosing Wisely Helping Physicians and Patients Make Smart Decisions About Their Care," Journal of the American Medical Association 307, no. 17 (2012): 1801–1802.

69. "Choosing Wisely: Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question," ABIM Foundation, accessed August 19, 2014, http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/.

70. V. M. Rao and D. C. Levin, "The Overuse of Diagnostic Imaging and the Choosing Wisely Initiative," Annals of Internal Medicine 157, no. 8 (2012): 574–577.

71. L. T. Krogsb?ll et al., "General Health Checks in Adults for Reducing Morbidity and Mortality from Disease: Cochrane Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," British Medical Journal 345 (2012): e7191.

72. S. R. Johnson, "Reducing Wasteful Care," Modern Healthcare, August 24, 2013, http://www.modernhealthcare.com/article/ 20130824/MAGAZINE/308249974.

73. L. M. Schwartz and S. Woloshin, "Endless Screenings Don't Bring Everlasting Health," New York Times, April 17, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/17/health/views/endless-screenings-dont-bring-everlasting-health.html.

74. B. L. Jacobs et al., "Use of Advanced Treatment Technologies Among Men at Low Risk of Dying from Prostate Cancer," Journal of the American Medical Association 309, no. 24 (2013): 2587–2595.

75. "Simple Treatments, Ignored," New York Times, September 9, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/09/opinion/sunday/simple-treatments-ignored.html.

76. J. H. Wasfy, "Sometimes 'Unnecessary' Medical Tests Save Lives," Washington Post, October 3, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/sometimes-unnecessary-medical-tests-save-lives/2013/10/03/74777dce-27b6-11e3-b75d-5b7f66349852_story.html.

77. E. Rosenthal, "Let's (Not) Get Physicals," New York Times, June 3, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/03/sunday-review/lets-not-get-physicals.html.

78. "Heart R hythm Society's Choosing Wisely List Disappoints," Medscape, February 12, 2014, http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/820477.

79. E. Picano et al., "The Appropriate and Justified Use of Medical Radiation in Cardiovascular Imaging: A Position Document of the ESC Associations of Cardiovascular Imaging, Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions and Electrophysiology," European Heart Journal 35, no. 10 (2014): 665–672.

80. P. Kassing and R. Duszak, "Repeat Medical Imaging: A Classification System for Meaningful Policy Analysis and Research," Neiman Report, February 2013, http://www.acr.org/~/media/ACR/Documents/PDF/Research/Brief 02/PolicyBrief HPI012013.pdf.

81. A. J. Einstein et al., "Patient-Centered Imaging: Shared Decision Making for Cardiac Imaging Procedures with Exposure to Ionizing Radiation," Journal of the American College of Cardiology 63, no.15 (2013): 1480–1489.

82. A. M. Seaman, "Doctors Don't Often Tell Patients of CT Scan Risks," Reuters, 2013, http://www.reuters.com/assets/print?aid=USBRE92316120130304.

83. G. Schwitzer, "When Doctors Don't Discuss Harms of Screening Tests with Patients," Health News Review, October 22, 2013, http://www.healthnewsreview.org/2013/10/when-doctors-dont-discuss-harms-of-screening-tests-with-patients/.

84. L. Landro, "New Tracking of a Patient's Radiation Exposure," Wall Street Journal, May 21, 2013, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014241 27887324767004578489413973896412.html.

85. C. O'Donoghue et al., "Aggregate Cost of Mammography Screening in the United States: Comparison of Current Practice and Advocated Guidelines," Annals of Internal Medicine 160 (2014):145–153.

86. H. G. Welch, "Breast Cancer Screenings: What We Still Don't Know," New York Times, December 30, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/30/opinion/breast-cancer-screenings-what-we-still-dont-know.html.

87. G. Kolata, "Vast Study Casts Doubts on Value of Mammograms," New York Times, February 12, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/12/health/study-adds-new-doubts-about-value-of-mammograms.html.

88. A. Bleyer and H. G. Welch, "Effect of Three Decades of Screening Mammography on Breast– Cancer Incidence," New England Journal of Medicine 367, no. 21 (2012): 1998–2005.

89. J. G. Elmore and C. P. Gross, "The Cost of Breast Cancer Screening in the United States: A Picture Is Worth… a Billion Dollars?" Annals of Internal Medicine 160 (2014): 203–204.

90. A. B. Miller et al., "Twenty-five Year Follow-Up for Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality of the Canadian National Breast Screening Study: Randomised Screening Trial," British Medical Journal 348 (2014): g366.

91. J. A. Paulos, "Weighing the Positives," Scientific American, December 28, 2011, http://www.nature.com/scientificamerican/journal/ v306/n1/full/scientificamerican0112-20.html.

92. N. Biller-Andorno and P. J?ni, "Abolishing Mammography Screening Programs? A View from the Swiss Medical Board," New England Journal of Medicine 340, no. 21 (2014): 1965–1967.

93. D. H. Newman, "Ignoring the Science on Mammograms," New York Times, November 28, 2012, http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/28/ignoring-the-science-on-mammograms/.

94. J. C. Dooren and R. Winslow, "U.S. Panel Recommends Lung-Cancer Screening," Wall Street Journal, December 30, 2013, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB100014 24052702304591604579290843407880628.

95. D. V. Makarov et al., "Prostate Cancer Imaging Trends After a Nationwide Effort to Discourage Inappropriate Prostate Cancer Imaging," Journal of the National Cancer Institute 105, no. 17 (2013):1306–1313.

96. J. Dorrier, "California Startup, Tribogenics, Develops Smart Phone Sized Portable X-Ray Machines," Singularity Hub, November 16, 2013, http://singularityhub.com/2013/11/16/southern-california-startup-tribogenics-develops-smart-phone-sized-portable-x-ray-machines/.

97. J. B. Haun et al., "Micro-NMR for Rapid Molecular Analysis of Human Tumor Samples," Science Translational Medicine 3, no. 71 (2011): 1–14.

98. N. Ungerleider, "An X-Ray Machine the Size of an iPhone That Looks Like a Star Trek Tricorder," Fast Company, December 8, 2011, http://www.fastcompany.com/1799596/x-ray-machine-size-iphone-looks-star-trek-tricorder.

99. P. Gwynne, "Seeing into the Future," Nature 502 (2013): S96 –S97.

100. M. Kaku, Physics of the Future (Toronto, Canada: Doubleday, 2011), 60–62.

101. Ibid., 60.

102. Ibid., 62.

103. M. J. Leibo et al., "Is Pocket Mobile Echocardiography the Next-Generation Stethoscope? A Cross-sectional Comparison of Rapidly Acquired Images With Standard Transthoracic Echocardiography," Annals of Internal Medicine 155, no. 1 (2011): 33–38.

104. S. D. Solomon and F. Saldana, "Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Medical Education – Stop Listening and Look," New England Journal of Medicine 370 (2014): 1083–1085.

105. A. Flint, "Patients Should Be Able to Share Their Medical Imaging Studies," neuroicudoc, August 21, 2013, http://www.neuroicudoc.com/2013/08/patients-should-be-able-to-share-their.html.

106. J. Lee, "Share Ware," Modern Healthcare, November 24, 2012, http://www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20121124/ MAGAZINE/311249953/?template=printpicart.

107. A. J. Johnson et al., "Access to Radiologic Reports via a Patient Portal: Clinical Simulations to Investigate Patient Preferences," Journal of the American College of Radiology 9, no. 4 (2012): 256–263.

108. A. Eisenberg, "Those Scan Results Are Just an App Away," New York Times, October 16, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/16/business/medical-apps-to-assist-with-diagnoses-cleared-by-fda.html.

109. D. McCormick et al., "Giving Offce-Based Physicians Electronic Access to Patients' Prior Imaging and Lab Results Did Not Deter Ordering of Tests," Health Affairs 31, no. 3 (2012): 488–496.

110. T. McMahon, "The Smartphone Will See You Now: How Apps and Social Media Are Revolutionizing Medicine," Macleans, March 4, 2013, http://www2.macleans.ca/2013/03/04/the-smartphone-will-see-you-now.

111. "Turning Mobile Phones into 3D Scanners," Computer Vision and Geometry Group, accessed August 13, 2014, http://cvg.ethz.ch/mobile/.

112. J. Lademann, "Optical Methods of Imaging in the Skin," Journal of Biomedical Optics 18, no. 6 (2013): 061201-1.

113. W. Sohn et al., "Endockscope: Using Mobile Technology to Create Global Point of Service Endoscopy," Journal of Endourology 27, no. 9 (2013): 1154–1160.

114. K. Streams, "How to Turn a Smartphone Into a Digital Microscope Using Inexpensive Materials," Laughing Squid, 2013, http://laughingsquid.com/how-to -turn-a-smartphone-into-a-digital-microscope-using-inexpensive-materials/.

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