6. Как не умереть от диабета

6. Как не умереть от диабета

^{‹‹1››.} Matthews DR, Matthews PC. Banting Memorial Lecture 2010. Type 2 diabetes as an ‘infectious’ disease: is this the Black Death of the 21st century? Diabet Med. 2011;28(1):2–9.

^{‹‹2››.} Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Number (in millions) of civilian, noninstitutionalized persons with diagnosed diabetes, United States, 1980–2011. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/prev/national/ figpersons.htm. March 28, 2013. Accessed May 3, 2015.

^{‹‹3››.} Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, Gregg EW, Barker LE, Williamson DF. Projection of the year 2050 burden of diabetes in the US adult population: dynamic modeling of incidence, mortality, and prediabetes prevalence. Popul Health Metr. 2010;8:29.

^{‹‹4››.} Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report: Estimates of Diabetes and Its Burden in the United States, 2014. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2014.

^{‹‹5››.} Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Deaths: final data for 2013 table 10. Number of deaths from 113 selected causes. National Vital Statistics Report 2016;64(2).

^{‹‹6››.} 2014 Statistics Report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/ statistics/2014StatisticsReport.html. Updated October 24, 2014. Accessed March 3, 2015.

^{‹‹7››.} Lempainen J, Tauriainen S, Vaarala O, et al. Interaction of enterovirus infection and cow’s milkbased formula nutrition in type 1 diabetes-associated autoimmunity. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012;28(2):177–85.

^{‹‹8››.} 2014 Statistics Report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/ statistics/2014StatisticsReport.html. Updated October 24, 2014. Accessed March 3, 2015.

^{‹‹9››.} Rachek LI. Free fatty acids and skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2014;121:267–92.

^{‹‹10››.} 2014 Statistics Report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/ statistics/2014StatisticsReport.html. Updated October 24, 2014. Accessed March 3, 2015.

^{‹‹11››.} Sweeney JS. Dietary factors that influence the dextrose tolerance test. Arch Intern Med. 1927; 40(6):818–30.

^{‹‹12››.} Roden M, Price TB, Perseghin G, et al. Mechanism of free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in humans. J Clin Invest. 1996;97(12):2859–65.

^{‹‹13››.} Roden M, Krssak M, Stingl H, et al. Rapid impairment of skeletal muscle glucose transport/ phosphorylation by free fatty acids in humans. Diabetes. 1999;48(2):358–64.

^{‹‹14››.} Santomauro AT, Boden G, Silva ME, et al. Overnight lowering of free fatty acids with Acipimox improves insulin resistance and glucose tolerance in obese diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Diabetes. 1999;48(9):1836–41.

^{‹‹15››.} Krssak M, Falk Petersen K, Dresner A, et al. Intramyocellular lipid concentrations are correlated with insulin sensitivity in humans: a 1H NMR spectroscopy study. Diabetologia. 1999;42(1): 113–6.

^{‹‹16››.} Lee S, Boesch C, Kuk JL, Arslanian S. Effects of an overnight intravenous lipid infusion on intramyocellular lipid content and insulin sensitivity in African-American versus Caucasian adolescents. Metab Clin Exp. 2013;62(3):417–23.

^{‹‹17››.} Roden M, Krssak M, Stingl H, et al. Rapid impairment of skeletal muscle glucose transport/ phosphorylation by free fatty acids in humans. Diabetes. 1999;48(2):358–64.

^{‹‹18››.} Himsworth HP. Dietetic factors influencing the glucose tolerance and the activity of insulin. J Physiol (Lond). 1934;81(1):29–48.

^{‹‹19››.} Tab?k AG1, Herder C, Rathmann W, Brunner EJ, Kivim?ki M. Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes. Lancet. 2012;379(9833):2279–90.

^{‹‹20››.} Pratley RE. The early treatment of type 2 diabetes. Am J Med. 2013;126(9 Suppl 1):S2–9.

^{‹‹21››.} Reinehr T. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. World J Diabetes. 2013; 4(6):270–81.

^{‹‹22››.} Pihoker C, Scott CR, Lensing SY, Cradock MM, Smith J. Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in African-American youths of Arkansas. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1998;37(2):97–102.

^{‹‹23››.} Dean H, Flett B. Natural history of type 2 diabetes diagnosed in childhood: long term follow-up in young adult years. Diabetes. 2002;51(s1):A24.

^{‹‹24››.} Hannon TS, Rao G, Arslanian SA. Childhood obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics. 2005;116(2):473–80.

^{‹‹25››.} Rocchini AP. Childhood obesity and a diabetes epidemic. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(11):854–5.

^{‹‹26››.} Lifshitz F. Obesity in children. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2008;1(2):53–60.

^{‹‹27››.} Must A, Jacques PF, Dallal GE, Bajema CJ, Dietz WH. Long-term morbidity and mortality of overweight adolescents. A follow-up of the Harvard Growth Study of 1922 to 1935. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(19):1350–5.

^{‹‹28››.} Sabat? J, Wien M. Vegetarian diets and childhood obesity prevention. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010; 91(5):1525S–1529S.

^{‹‹29››.} Tonstad S, Butler T, Yan R, Fraser GE. Type of vegetarian diet, body weight, and prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(5):791–6.

^{‹‹30››.} Sabat? J, Lindsted KD, Harris RD, Sanchez A. Attained height of lacto-ovo vegetarian children and adolescents. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1991;45(1):51–8.

^{‹‹31››.} Sabat? J, Wien M. Vegetarian diets and childhood obesity prevention. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010; 91(5):1525S–1529S.

^{‹‹32››.} Cali AM, Caprio S. Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in youth: an emerging epidemic disease? Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2008;15(2):123–7.

^{‹‹33››.} Ginter E, Simko V. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, pandemic in 21st century. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2012;771:42–50.

^{‹‹34››.} Spalding KL, Arner E, Westermark PO, et al. Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans. Nature. 2008;453(7196):783–7.

^{‹‹35››.} Roden M. How free fatty acids inhibit glucose utilization in human skeletal muscle. News Physiol Sci. 2004;19:92–6.

^{‹‹36››.} Fraser GE. Vegetarian diets: what do we know of their effects on common chronic diseases? Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(5):1607S–1612S.

^{‹‹37››.} Tonstad S, Stewart K, Oda K, Batech M, Herring RP, Fraser GE. Vegetarian diets and incidence of diabetes in the Adventist Health Study-2. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2013;23(4):292–9.

^{‹‹38››.} Nolan CJ, Larter CZ. Lipotoxicity: why do saturated fatty acids cause and monounsaturates protect against it? J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24(5):703–6.

^{‹‹39››.} Evans WJ. Oxygen-carrying proteins in meat and risk of diabetes mellitus. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(14):1335–6.

^{‹‹40››.} Egnatchik RA, Leamy AK, Jacobson DA, Shiota M, Young JD. ER calcium release promotes mitochondrial dysfunction and hepatic cell lipotoxicity in response to palmitate overload. Mol Metab. 2014;3(5):544–53.

^{‹‹41››.} Estadella D, da Penha Oller do Nascimento CM, Oyama LM, Ribeiro EB, Damaso AR, de Piano A. Lipotoxicity: Effects of dietary saturated and transfatty acids. Mediators Inflamm. 2013; 2013:137579.

^{‹‹42››.} Perseghin G, Scifo P, De Cobelli F, et al. Intramyocellular triglyceride content is a determinant of in vivo insulin resistance in humans: a 1H-13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy assessment in offspring of type 2 diabetic parents. Diabetes. 1999;48(8):1600–6.

^{‹‹43››.} Nolan CJ, Larter CZ. Lipotoxicity: why do saturated fatty acids cause and monounsaturates protect against it? J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24(5):703–6.

^{‹‹44››.} Goff LM, Bell JD, So PW, Dornhorst A, Frost GS. Veganism and its relationship with insulin resistance and intramyocellular lipid. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005;59(2):291–8.

^{‹‹45››.} Gojda J, Patkov? J, Ja?ek M, et al. Higher insulin sensitivity in vegans is not associated with higher mitochondrial density. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67(12):1310–5.

^{‹‹46››.} Goff LM, Bell JD, So PW, Dornhorst A, Frost GS. Veganism and its relationship with insulin resistance and intramyocellular lipid. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005;59(2):291–8.

^{‹‹47››.} Papanikolaou Y, Fulgoni VL. Bean consumption is associated with greater nutrient intake, reduced systolic blood pressure, lower body weight, and a smaller waist circumference in adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008;27(5):569–76.

^{‹‹48››.} Mollard RC, Luhovyy BL, Panahi S, Nunez M, Hanley A, Anderson GH. Regular consumption of pulses for 8 weeks reduces metabolic syndrome risk factors in overweight and obese adults. Br J Nutr. 2012;108 Suppl 1:S111–22.

^{‹‹49››.} Cnop M, Hughes SJ, Igoillo-Esteve M, et al. The long lifespan and low turnover of human islet beta cells estimated by mathematical modelling of lipofuscin accumulation. Diabetologia. 2010; 53(2):321–30.

^{‹‹50››.} Taylor R. Banting Memorial lecture 2012: reversing the twin cycles of type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2013;30(3):267–75.

^{‹‹51››.} Cunha DA, Igoillo-Esteve M, Gurzov EN, et al. Death protein 5 and p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis mediate the endoplasmic reticulum stress-mitochondrial dialog triggering lipotoxic rodent and human ?-cell apoptosis. Diabetes. 2012;61(11):2763–75.

^{‹‹52››.} Cnop M, Hannaert JC, Grupping AY, Pipeleers DG. Low density lipoprotein can cause death of islet beta-cells by its cellular uptake and oxidative modifi cation. Endocrinology. 2002; 143(9): 3449–53.

^{‹‹53››.} Maedler K, Oberholzer J, Bucher P, Spinas GA, Donath MY. Monounsaturated fatty acids prevent the deleterious effects of palmitate and high glucose on human pancreatic beta-cell turnover and function. Diabetes. 2003;52(3):726–33.

^{‹‹54››.} Xiao C, Giacca A, Carpentier A, Lewis GF. Differential effects of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and saturated fat ingestion on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, sensitivity and clearance in overweight and obese, non-diabetic humans. Diabetologia. 2006;49(6):1371–9.

^{‹‹55››.} Wang L, Folsom AR, Zheng ZJ, Pankow JS, Eckfeldt JH. Plasma fatty acid composition and incidence of diabetes in middle-aged adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78(1):91–8.

^{‹‹56››.} Cunha DA, Igoillo-Esteve M, Gurzov EN, et al. Death protein 5 and p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis mediate the endoplasmic reticulum stress-mitochondrial dialog triggering lipotoxic rodent and human ?-cell apoptosis. Diabetes. 2012;61(11):2763–75.

^{‹‹57››.} Welch RW. Satiety: have we neglected dietary non-nutrients? Proc Nutr Soc. 2011;70(2): 145–54.

^{‹‹58››.} Barnard ND, Cohen J, Jenkins DJ, et al. A low-fat vegan diet improves glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in a randomized clinical trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(8):1777–83.

^{‹‹59››.} Trapp CB, Barnard ND. Usefulness of vegetarian and vegan diets for treating type 2 diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2010;10(2):152–8.

^{‹‹60››.} Pratley RE. The early treatment of type 2 diabetes. Am J Med. 2013;126(9 Suppl 1):S2–9.

^{‹‹61››.} Juutilainen A, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K, Laakso M. Type 2 diabetes as a «coronary heart disease equivalent»: an 18-year prospective population-based study in Finnish subjects. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(12):2901–7.

^{‹‹62››.} Kahleova H, Matoulek M, Malinska H, et al. Vegetarian diet improves insulin resistance and oxidative stress markers more than conventional diet in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2011;28(5):549–59.

^{‹‹63››.} Ornish D. Statins and the soul of medicine. Am J Cardiol. 2002;89(11):1286–90.

^{‹‹64››.} Kahleova H, Hrachovinova T, Hill M, et al. Vegetarian diet in type 2 diabetes— improvement in quality of life, mood and eating behaviour. Diabet Med. 2013;30(1):127–9.

^{‹‹65››.} Chiu THT, Huang HY, Chiu YF, et al. Taiwanese vegetarians and omnivores: dietary composition, prevalence of diabetes and IFG. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e88547.

^{‹‹66››.} Chiu THT, Huang HY, Chiu YF, et al. Taiwanese vegetarians and omnivores: dietary composition, prevalence of diabetes and IFG. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e88547.

^{‹‹67››.} Magliano DJ, Loh VHY, Harding JL, et al. Persistent organic pollutants and diabetes: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Diabetes Metab. 2014;40(1):1–14.

^{‹‹68››.} Lee DH, Lee IK, Song K, et al. A strong dose-response relation between serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and diabetes: results from the National Health and Examination Survey 1999–2002. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(7):1638–44.

^{‹‹69››.} Wu H, Bertrand KA, Choi AL, et al. Persistent organic pollutants and type 2 diabetes: a prospective analysis in the Nurses’ Health Study and meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 2013; 121(2):153–61.

^{‹‹70››.} Schecter A, Colacino J, Haffner D, et al. Perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticide contamination in composite food samples from Dallas, Texas, USA. Environ Health Perspect. 2010;118(6):796–802.

^{‹‹71››.} Crinnion WJ. The role of persistent organic pollutants in the worldwide epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the possible connection to farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Altern Med Rev. 2011;16(4):301–13.

^{‹‹72››.} Lee DH, Lee IK, Song K, et al. A strong dose-response relation between serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and diabetes: results from the National Health and Examination Survey 1999–2002. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(7):1638–44.

^{‹‹73››.} Crinnion WJ. The role of persistent organic pollutants in the worldwide epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the possible connection to farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Altern Med Rev. 2011;16(4):301–13.

^{‹‹74››.} Farmer B, Larson BT, Fulgoni VL III, et al. A vegetarian dietary pattern as a nutrient-dense approach to weight management: an analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111(6):819–27.

^{‹‹75››.} Farmer B, Larson BT, Fulgoni VL III, et al. A vegetarian dietary pattern as a nutrient-dense approach to weight management: an analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111(6):819–27.

^{‹‹76››.} Toth MJ, Poehlman ET. Sympathetic nervous system activity and resting metabolic rate in vegetarians. Metabolism. 1994;43(5):621–5.

^{‹‹77››.} Karlic H, Schuster D, Varga F, et al. Vegetarian diet affects genes of oxidative metabolism and collagen synthesis. Ann Nutr Metab. 2008;53(1):29–32.

^{‹‹78››.} Vergnaud AC, Norat T, Romaguera D, et al. Meat consumption and prospective weight change in participants of the EPIC-PANACEA study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92(2):398–407.

^{‹‹79››.} The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group, Gerstein HC, Miller ME, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24): 2545–59.

^{‹‹80››.} The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group, Gerstein HC, Miller ME, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24): 2545–59.

^{‹‹81››.} Luan FL, Nguyen K. Intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(14): 1519–20.

^{‹‹82››.} Blagosklonny MV. Prospective treatment of age-related diseases by slowing down aging. Am J Pathol. 2012;181(4):1142–6.

^{‹‹83››.} Madonna R, Pandolfi A, Massaro M, et al. Insulin enhances vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in human cultured endothelial cells through a pro-atherogenic pathway mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein-kinase. Diabetologia. 2004;47(3):532–6.

^{‹‹84››.} Lingvay I, Guth E, Islam A, et al. Rapid improvement in diabetes after gastric bypass surgery: is it the diet or surgery? Diabetes Care. 2013;36(9):2741–7.

^{‹‹85››.} Lingvay I, Guth E, Islam A, et al. Rapid improvement in diabetes after gastric bypass surgery: is it the diet or surgery? Diabetes Care. 2013;36(9):2741–7.

^{‹‹86››.} Taylor R. Type 2 diabetes: etiology and reversibility. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(4):1047–55.

^{‹‹87››.} Lim EL, Hollingsworth KG, Aribisala BS, Chen MJ, Mathers JC, Taylor R. Reversal of type 2 diabetes: normalisation of beta cell function in association with decreased pancreas and liver triacylglycerol. Diabetologia. 2011;54(10):2506–14.

^{‹‹88››.} Taheri S, Tahrani A, Barnett A. Bariatric surgery: a cure for diabetes? Pract Diabetes Int. 2009; 26:356–8.

^{‹‹89››.} Vergnaud AC, Norat T, Romaguera D, et al. Meat consumption and prospective weight change in participants of the EPIC-PANACEA study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92(2):398–407.

^{‹‹90››.} Gilsing AM, Weijenberg MP, Hughes LA, et al. Longitudinal changes in BMI in older adults are associated with meat consumption differentially, by type of meat consumed. J Nutr. 2012; 142(2):340–9.

^{‹‹91››.} Wang Y, Lehane C, Ghebremeskel K, et al. Modern organic and broiler chickens sold for human consumption provide more energy from fat than protein. Public Health Nutr. 2010;13(3): 400–8.

^{‹‹92››.} National Cattlemen’s Beef Association, Young MK, Redson BA. New USDA data show 29 beef cuts now meet government guidelines for lean. http://www.beef.org/udocs/29leancuts.pdf. 2005. Accessed March 6, 2015.

^{‹‹93››.} Steven S, Lim EL, Taylor R. Dietary reversal of type 2 diabetes motivated by research knowledge. Diabet Med. 2010;27(6):724–5.

^{‹‹94››.} Taylor R. Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes: tracing the reverse route from cure to cause. Diabetologia. 2008;51(10):1781–9.

^{‹‹95››.} American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2015. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(suppl 1):S1–S93.

^{‹‹96››.} Dunaief DM, Fuhrman J, Dunaief JL, et al. Glycemic and cardiovascular parameters improved in type 2 diabetes with the high nutrient density (HND) diet. Open Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2012;2(3):364–71.

^{‹‹97››.} Lim EL, Hollingsworth KG, Aribisala BS, Chen MJ, Mathers JC, Taylor R. Reversal of type 2 diabetes: normalisation of beta cell function in association with decreased pancreas and liver triacylglycerol. Diabetologia. 2011;54(10):2506–14.

^{‹‹98››.} Steven S, Lim EL, Taylor R. Population response to information on reversibility of Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2013;30(4):e135–8.

^{‹‹99››.} Dunaief DM, Fuhrman J, Dunaief JL, et al. Glycemic and cardiovascular parameters improved in type 2 diabetes with the high nutrient density (HND) diet. Open J Prev Med. 2012;2(3):364–71.

^{‹‹100››.} Anderson JW, Ward K. High-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets for insulin-treated men with diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr. 1979;32(11):2312–21.

^{‹‹101››.} Anderson JW, Ward K. High-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets for insulin-treated men with diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr. 1979;32(11):2312–21.

^{‹‹102››.} Callaghan BC, Cheng H, Stables CL, et al. Diabetic neuropathy: clinical manifestations and current treatments. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(6):521–34.

^{‹‹103››.} Said G. Diabetic neuropathy— a review. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2007;3(6):331–40.

^{‹‹104››.} Crane MG, Sample C. Regression of diabetic neuropathy with total vegetarian (vegan) diet. J Nutr Med. 1994;4(4):431–9.

^{‹‹105››.} Crane MG, Sample C. Regression of diabetic neuropathy with total vegetarian (vegan) diet. J Nutr Med. 1994;4(4):431–9.

^{‹‹106››.} Rabinowitch IM. Effects of the high carbohydrate-low calorie diet upon carbohydrate tolerance in diabetes mellitus. Can Med Assoc J. 1935;33(2):136–44.

^{‹‹107››.} Newborg B, Kempner W. Analysis of 177 cases of hypertensive vascular disease with papilledema; one hundred twenty-six patients treated with rice diet. Am J Med. 1955;19(1): 33–47.

^{‹‹108››.} Crane MG, Sample C. Regression of diabetic neuropathy with total vegetarian (vegan) diet. J Nutr Med. 1994;4(4):431–9.

^{‹‹109››.} Crane MG, Sample C. Regression of diabetic neuropathy with total vegetarian (vegan) diet. J Nutr Med. 1994;4(4):431–9.

^{‹‹110››.} Crane MG, Sample C. Regression of diabetic neuropathy with total vegetarian (vegan) diet. J Nutr Med. 1994;4(4):431–9.

^{‹‹111››.} Crane MG, Zielinski R, Aloia R. Cis and trans fats in omnivores, lacto-ovo vegetarians and vegans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988;48:920.

^{‹‹112››.} Tesfaye S, Chaturvedi N, Eaton SEM, et al. Vascular risk factors and diabetic neuropathy. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(4):341–50.

^{‹‹113››.} Newrick PG, Wilson AJ, Jakubowski J, et al. Sural nerve oxygen tension in diabetes. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986;293(6554):1053–4.

^{‹‹114››.} McCarty MF. Favorable impact of a vegan diet with exercise on hemorheology: implications for control of diabetic neuropathy. Med Hypotheses. 2002;58(6):476–86.

^{‹‹115››.} Kempner W, Peschel RL, Schlayer C. Effect of rice diet on diabetes mellitus associated with vascular disease. Postgrad Med. 1958;24(4):359–71.

^{‹‹116››.} McCarty MF. Favorable impact of a vegan diet with exercise on hemorheology: implications for control of diabetic neuropathy. Med Hypotheses. 2002;58(6):476–86.

^{‹‹117››.} Browning LM, Hsieh SD, Ashwell M. A systematic review of waist-to-height ratio as a screening tool for the prediction of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: 0·5 could be a suitable global boundary value. Nutr Res Rev. 2010;23(2):247–69.

^{‹‹118››.} Bigaard J, Tj?nneland A, Thomsen BL, Overvad K, Heitmann BL, S, S?rensen TI. Waist circumference, BMI, smoking, and mortality in middle-aged men and women. Obes Res. 2003; 11(7): 895–903.

^{‹‹119››.} Bigaard J, Tj?nneland A, Thomsen BL, Overvad K, Heitmann BL, S, S?rensen TI. Waist circumference, BMI, smoking, and mortality in middle-aged men and women. Obes Res. 2003; 11(7): 895–903.

^{‹‹120››.} Leitzmann MF, Moore SC, Koster A, et al. Waist circumference as compared with body-mass index in predicting mortality from specific causes. PLoS One. 2011;6(4):e18582.

^{‹‹121››.} Browning LM, Hsieh SD, Ashwell M. A systematic review of waist-to-height ratio as a screening tool for the prediction of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: 0·5 could be a suitable global boundary value. Nutr Res Rev. 2010;23(2):247–69.

^{‹‹122››.} Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report: Estimates of Diabetes and Its Burden in the United States, 2014. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Ser vices; 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics/2014StatisticsReport.html. Updated October 24, 2014. Accessed March 6, 2015.

^{‹‹123››.} Nathan DM, Davidson MB, Defronzo RA, et al. Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance: implications for care. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(3):753–9.

^{‹‹124››.} Karve A, Hayward RA. Prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance in nondiabetic U.S. adults. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(11):2355–9.

^{‹‹125››.} Cardona-Morrell M, Rychetnik L, Morrell SL, Espinel PT, Bauman A. Reduction of diabetes risk in routine clinical practice: are physical activity and nutrition interventions feasible and are the outcomes from reference trials replicable? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:653.

^{‹‹126››.} Holman H. Chronic disease— the need for a new clinical education. JAMA. 2004;292(9):1057–9.

^{‹‹127››.} Institute of Medicine. Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2001:213. http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2001/Crossing- the-Quality-Chasm-A-New-Health-System-for-the-21st-Century.aspx.